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We have used synchrotron X-ray scattering from solutions to study the assembly of biopolymers. The principles of the method are reviewed, and applications are given for the example of microtubule self-assembly. We show how different structural intermediates of the reaction can be distinguished. Assembly can take the form of a first-order approach to a steady state, but non-equilibrium phenomena are...
X-ray fiber diffraction techniques have shown that DNA and synthetic polynucleotides can adopt a variety of stable double-helical conformations. The conformations available to a particular polynucleotide depend upon the type and concentration of the cations surrounding the DNA molecule, the sequence of Watson-Crick base-pairs within the molecule and the amount of water in the fiber. Transitions between...
A review is given of the Laue method and its uses in time-resolved crystallography. The history of the method is covered and various fundamental problems, as outlined by W. H. and W. L. Bragg and R. W. G. Wyckoff, are dealt with. The details of the diffraction geometry, wavelength normalization, and energy deconvolution are given. A survey is then made of the use of the method for time-resolved protein...
The prodigeous X-ray flux and tuneability of synchrotron radiation has proved an enormous boon in studies of the physicochemical properties of biological liquid crystals. Over the past several years synchrotron radiation has been used to advantage in investigations of the dynamics and mechanism of biological liquid crystal (lipid) phase transitions in bulk systems, lyotrope transport between and within...
The threshold photoelectron-photoion coincidence technique using synchrotron radiation has been employed to study state-selected ion-molecule reactions. We review the experimental procedure and discuss our results on five representative systems: [N2Ar]+; [N2H2]+; [ArH2]+; [HeH2]+; and [H2H2]+. Recent theoretical work on these systems is also summarized.
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy has undergone a great theoretical and experimental development in the last years. This technique has proved to be a powerful tool in elucidating huge number of questions in materials science. Great interest exists in time-resolved experiments achieved with extreme energy resolution and energy scale stability taking full advantage of the strong correlation between the...
The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility is a dedicated 6 GeV synchrotron radiation source which will be operational by 1994. It will be optimized for a small beam emittance and the use of undulators and wigglers. A number of instruments proposed for small angle X-ray scattering will be reviewed.
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